Certification and accreditation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Certification and accreditation - Research Paper Example However, the information system must meet the approved safeguards or protection in the two domains i.e. technical and managerial. The duration of a typical certification and accreditation process should be executed in sixteen to eighteen months. However the duration will vary due to the complexity level of the networked environment. (Stark, 1994) The dissimilarity between a Certified and an information system auditor is a compliment of both these roles. The certifier will review the systems for compliance with the stated requirements from the regulations, law or the board (Langsley & American Board of, 1983). In contrast, the auditor will validate the results submitted by the certifier for meeting the requirements. However, it is not necessary that an auditor may be a part of the same organization (Stark, 1994). Likewise, information system auditor is responsible for carrying out an independent review or audit of examination of records and activities for accessing the appropriateness of system controls for assuring compliance with policies and procedures. Similarly, a certifier is associated with conducting technical decisions of complying systems with organizational requirements, conducting risk assessment focused on system operation, certification actions and combining or integrating the finalized certification along with accredited packages. The post of this individual is known as Information System Security Manager. Furthermore, the contribution of a reviewer is associated with internal organizational role that falls under the role of a certifier (Stark, 1994). The phase 5 of the Certification and Accreditation process called as Disposal is not addressed. For instance, there is always a disposal phase of any process, system, applications etc. likewise, the process of system disposal, few factors need consideration. These factors are mentioned below: Disposal of Storage devices: if an

Internet Protocol V.6 (IPv6) Deployment and Security Concerns Essay

Internet Protocol V.6 (IPv6) Deployment and Security Concerns - Essay Example This paper will present a detailed analysis of the new version of the internet protocol (IPV6) and security issues and deployment concerns of the newest version of this Internet Protocol (IPv6). This paper will also follow the current problems with current Internet Protocol (IPv4) and related security issues. Hasenstein (1997) states that the the research and develoment on the internet protocol was started in the 1960s, the computing environment was not the like as it is nowadays. In addition, there was less number of consumers of internet as compared to today. At that time the telecommunications lines used to support the high-speed networks were not so powerful, quick, and error-free as they are today. Also, the appli ­cations transmitted over the internet involved smaller data packets, and there was not such a demand to transmit them in real time. As these demands on the internet began to grow, the designers and developers decided to create a modern and up-to-date internet protocol by taking the advantage of the current technology. Consequently, IPv4 was created (Hasenstein; Blumenthal and Clark; R. M. Hinden). According to Hinden (2003), the internet protocol version 6 is the advanced generation Internet Protocol version 4 that was intended to improve the features of IPv4. In addition, internet protocol version 4 was widespread in use that is still in dominant utilization. This IP4 version is the internet layer protocol intended for internetworks of packet-switched method. The fundamental driving force for the renovation of the internet protocol was the anticipated internet protocol version 4 addresses exhaustion that are reduced by increased number of users and machines connected to the internet. The newer version IPv-6 was initially released in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The IETF has published an internet standard specification

Advantages Of Open Tendering Construction Essay

Advantages Of Open Tendering Construction Essay Open tendering is a one-stage bidding process, where all interested and responding to contract notice will be invited to submit a tender.   The contract notice states where to obtain tender documents and the last date when tenders will be accepted.  Open tender is open to public all the interested firms can apply for the contract. Advantages of open tendering No favourism (everyone can apply for the tender) High competition in pricing ( client will take good prize) New firms can enter into the market Increased employment opportunities ( new firms comes) New experience (new technology) Helps contractors to grow Contractors get new client Disadvantages of open tendering Selected contractor might not suit the project (ex: no experience) Inexperienced firms can enter into the market Unknown firms can enter into the markets Waste of estimating time High aggregate cost for tender (ex: electricity, transport) High evaluation time (because we have to check all the documents) Unrealistic competition Arbitrations 2.0.2 Selective tendering A process of competitive tendering for award of the contract for construction whereby the owner selects the constructors who are invited to tender to the exclusion of others, as in the process of open tendering. It means the client selects the contractor from limited list invitation to tender is made by client to the contractor by a letter. In selective tendering short listing can be done by, Invitation ICTAD category Prequalification (financial) Post qualification Negotiation In selective tendering there can be two stages, One stage selective tendering Two stage selective tendering One stage selective tendering Client advertise for contractor to apply for short listing Short list the contractors who are considered suitable to do the work approved list is maintained by the client. (competition) Two stage selective tendering Single stage for competition, double stage for competition plus early start of work at site. Contractors experience/ practical knowledge is useful at the design stage First stage Inviting for tender Inform about 2 stage tender Pre select the contractor (a simple BOQ) Contractors give proposal for the design Second stage Negotiate the rates with the contractor for 2nd time Advantages of Selective tender Well known contractor Good quality Less aggregate cost for tender Less evaluation time Disadvantages of Selective tender Favourism Less price competition Cartel tendering New firms cannot enter in to the market Regular updating is necessary 2.1 Factors which used by client to formulate the select list 2.1.1 Information of the company Information of the company is very important when the clients are giving the tenders. Because they want to know how much they can trust that company. Reason is some companies are new to the industry some are very old to the Industry. When companies are new to industry, the risk is more to the client. Because when companies are new to the industry most of the companies are not continue their services. But when we talking about old companies they are continue their services. Because of that clients like to handover there tender to the old companies than the new companies. 2.1.2 Awards achievements When the companies are continuing their work some departments presenting awards for best company of the yearetc. When companies are offering awards clients like to handover their tender to these companies. Because theres no any risk to the client. 2.1.3 Successfully complete projects Client giving a contract to a contractor it is essential to know the successfully completed projects. Because some companies even not complete a single project even. So that is developing their trust on the contractor. 2.1.4 Work in progress The work they doing during they applying for the tender is more important for client to handover their tender for the contractor. That is a benchmark for the company to take a tender. 2.1.5 ICTAD grading and relevant documentary evidence In construction field ICTAD grading is more important than the other qualifications to get a contract or a tender. ICTAD grading is one that saying about the company which is good in construction work that company has evidence to prove that, their company is good in work completing projects. So ICTAD grading is more useful to client to give a tender to a company. 2.1.6 Financial information Financial side of a company is very useful for client whether give the tender or not to the company. Because some of the companies are new to the industry. So their financial side is not stronger than the other old companies. So the financial information of a company is more useful for client. 2.1.7 Experience as a main contractor Experience as a main contractor is more essential for the client to build up a relationship or to give the tender to the contractor. Because to take the tender for their company all the construction companies of the country apply for it. But some are new some are very much of experience companies. Actually client not takes any responsibility to hand over the tender to new company. Because they still new to the industry they are not take any experience as a main contractors, but old companies they are full fill with lack of experience as a main contractor. So client likes to give their tender to an experience company. So experience as a main contractor is very important bench mark to get a tender from client. 2.2 Typical clients 2.2.1 Banks Analysis of the client internal needs, new product which impact on the internal environment of the client, management of the public, opened, or closed tender for suppliers of required solution, evaluation of tender, the draft of basic documents in terms of functional specification of solution and its pricing structure, origination of the documentation. 2.2.2 Merchant Analysis of merchants (client) internal needs, target group specification with full consideration of credit card products, Suggestion of adequate partner for credit card acceptance, invitation and management of the public, opened, or closed tender for suppliers of required solution evaluation of the tender. 2.2.3 Government agency Analysis of clients internal needs in consideration of specifics of public service, analysis of impact of new solutions on internal environment of the client, invitation and management of the public tender for suppliers of required solution evaluation of tender. 2.3 Tender process There are three parties of tender process. There are Client Consultant Contractor 2.3.1Client A client is a person (individual or organization) which carry out a project or a work himself or another person or an organization. It means client is anyone having construction or building work carried out as part of their business. Without a client we cant a construction project. He is the man who authorized the project. Client has some kinds of duties to do. Check competence and resources of all appointees. Allow sufficient time and resources for all stages. Be satisfied that each designer and contractor appointed has adequate training, knowledge, experience and resources for the work to be performed. Allow sufficient time for each stage of the project, from concept onwards. Provide a copy of the safety and health plan prepared by the PSDP to every person tendering for the project. Provide information relating to the health and safety file to the CDM coordinator. Before the construction work starts client have to see whether the welfare facilities are on the site. 2.3.2 Consultant A consultant is an individual who possesses special knowledge or skills and provide that expertise to a client for a fee. It means a construction consultant someone who is hired to assess and advise on structural issues. Consultant helps all sort of businesses find an implement solution to wide variety problems. They usually have several years of experience in construction field. They are familiar with all kind of construction companies. Commonly the work as a consulting firms but sometimes they work for legal firms sometimes they work as an individual contractor. Construction consultants do many different things. Some assist companies with administration tasks; they make sure everything is running smoothly, and on time, so that the site owner and managers can concentrate on other business matters. A construction consultant may be hired to keep a project running on budget, and handle any problems that may appear. This may also mean working as an in-between for the owner of the site and the construction crew. Another duty which consultant has to do is judicial work. It means some times when continuing the work it might be failed. Then the consultant has to give the reason why the construction process is failed. Sometimes the problem must be small, such as weakness of the labours or sometimes the problem with the structure which design. Another duty of a consultant is if the building or the project fails consultant has to inform the client why it is failed, what the reasons for failed etc. 2.3.3 Contractor A contractor is a person who in the course or furtherance of a business, carries out or manages construction work. It means in construction he is the man who responsible day to day happening in the site. Actually we can name the contractor as general contractor of the site. The contractor is employed by the client. Imagine ones contractor got the tender first thing is he have to visit the site to get better understanding about the project. Secondly the contractor makes the prizing list which called as estimate. A duty which contractor has to do is manage the work. It is the most important thing in the site. It means he has to plan the day today work like what are the risks we have to achieve, when we going to complete this project, what are the needs of the labours including health safety, protecting the public while doing the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. as a contractor if he plans the work in time we can keep the relationship between client contractor. Another responsibility which contractor needs to do is providing information trains them for the rules regulations. Its includes site introduction, risks, sit rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. 2.4 Contractual documentation required for tendering bid bond form of tender construction program day work schedule power of attorney prequalification document Quality and safety proceeding Copy of ICTAD,NCASL registration 2.4.1 Bid bond On most major construction projects, work is awarded through a process known as bidding. A bid bond is important to show proof of guarantee to the project owner that you can obey with the bid contract and also that you can accomplish the job as laid out in the contract. A bid bond is a guarantee that you provide to the project owner stating that you have the capability to take on and implement the project once you are selected during the bidding process. Normally, project owners do not know if a contractor is financially stable or has the necessary resources to take on a project 2.4.2 how bid bond works During bidding, various contractors estimate what the job will cost to complete. They submit this price to the owner in the form of a bid. The lowest bidder will be awarded a contract for the job. If this bidder realizes they made a mistake with their bid, or refuses to sign the contract for any reason, the bonding company will ensure the owner suffers no financial loss. This usually means that the bonding company will pay the owner the difference between the lowest and next lowest bids. Sometimes, the bonding company may sue the contractor to recover these costs. The possibility of lawsuits depends on the terms of the bond. 2.4.3 Bid bond Requirements Under the  Mille act, which is still the standard today, all bidders are required to submit bid bonds on any federal project. Many private firms have copied this trend to protect themselves from risk during the bid process. Getting bond is very important if you want your company to become competitive in construction filed. 2.4.4 Form of tender A tender form is issued to a supplier during the Invitation to Tender process. Each Tender Form helps the team to collect information about potential suppliers so that they can appoint one or more preferred suppliers to the business. As each Tender Form is released to the suppliers, the progress is tracked in the Tender Register. To save time creating each Tender Form, a Tender Template is used. 2.4.5 Construction program A work method statement, sometimes referred to as a safe work method statement or a safe work procedure, is a part of a workplace safety plan. It is predominately used in construction to describe a document that gives specific instructions on how to safely perform a work related task, or operate a piece of plant or equipment. In many countries it is law to have work method statements, or similar, in place to advice employees and contractors on how to perform work related tasks safely. The statement is generally used as part of a safety induction and then referred to as required throughout a workplace. The construction program envelop the following, purpose scope

Nature Imagery in Tennysons In Memoriam and Arnolds To Marguerite--Continued and Dover Beach :: Comparison Compare Conatrast Essays

Nature Imagery in Tennyson's In Memoriam and Arnold's To Marguerite--Continued and Dover Beach Two poets who used an abundance of nature imagery in the Victorian period were Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Matthew Arnold. In Tennyson's In Memoriam, he utilizes many different aspects of nature as metaphors to describe his emotions after the death of a close friend. Arnold's poetry uses different types of water as metaphors in To Marguerite--Continued and Dover Beach. In the beginning of Tennyson's poem, he describes an old yew tree. The tree, to him, is dead and at this early point of his grief he cannot find any life in the nature surrounding him. The old yew "which grapsest at the stones/ That name the underlying dead,/ Thy fibers net the dreamless head,/ Thy roots are wrapped about the bones" (2.1-4). Therefore he sees the tree as an extension of the graves it grew on. The roots are entangled around the dead bones and are as dead as the skull of the person, unable to dream ever again. The world around the tree and grave will begin again to bloom, but Tennyson feels the tree will not change and keep its gloomy appearance throughout the year. He is "sick for thy stubborn hardihood" (2.14) and seems to wish to be like the tree. For if he were also dead, he would not have to feel the pain he is experiencing. He likens his poetry to nature also. He uses "words, like weeds..." (5.9) to envelope himself from the pain. His poem is "this poor flower of poesy" (8.18) but he writes it anyway since it once pleased his dead friend. "I go to plant it on his tomb./ That if it can it there may bloom,/ Or dying, there at least may die" (8.22-24). At this point he is considering the possibility of life continuing, at least through his poetry. Yet he does not seem to care about this possibility strongly. If there is no life within his poetry, then he feels its proper place is dead with his friend. Further into the poem, the immediate frenzy of grief has subsided, and he reflects upon his grief more calmly. "Calm is the morn without a sound,/ Calm as to suit a calmer grief, And only through the faded leaf/ The chestnut pattering to the ground" (11.1-4). His natural surroundings are quiet, which he feels are suited to this stage in his grief.

Goethe’s plotting Essay

In the intellectual history of Europe, Johann Wolfgang yon Goethe is central to the development of Romantic thinking, which was contemporary in his day. Goethe attempted to see the world in a new light; he reconsiders old questions of good and evil, as well as questions about human nature. The story of Faust allows such considerations. Romantics strive for something beyond their reach, beyond anyone’s reach. Contentment is not their goal. One place that we see Faust’s striving is in his conversation on â€Å"unrest† with Wagner (699-702). Just as Wagner illustrates the normal academic who thinks that books hold all the answers he needs, Faust as a Romantic has come both to realize the limitations of what’s in books and to be unwilling to accept those limitations. Wagner thinks Faust should enjoy the reputation he has as a doctor among the peasants, but Faust knows the reputation is a sham. He and his father were in truth helpless against the ravages of the plague (although they obviously at least comforted the sick). Faust’s aspirations permit him to make a bargain with Mephistopheles, especially since a part of the bet involves Mephistopheles’ belief that Faust will eventually enjoy contentment. Rather than seeking knowledge, which had been a goal of the Faust of German and English tradition, Goethe’s Faust seeks experience and feeling. This also makes his quest apart of the Romantic tradition. The Romantic hero must approach life’s mysteries by active participation, not by reflection. When Faust and Mephistopheles see the witch for her medicine, what Faust wants is youth, so that he can experience what he may have missed while he was absorbed in his studies. And what he comes to want then is Margaret, the peasant maid who looks like a beauty to the revitalized man. The Romantic has spiritual goals, but they’re usually outside of conventional religions. We see this most directly in the scene between Gretchen and Faust. She wants him to be a Christian, but Faust’s spirituality cannot be contained by dogma. To follow this Romantic thread, think of Christianity as a revealed religion, embraced by the European and German society of the time. It made many late eighteenths and early nineteenth century people feel safe and secure. You can see how this picture of comfort might fall outside of the Romantic’s striving, since he seeks a mystery beyond the conventional. The Romantic hero must be willing to break free of bounds, no matter the consequences. Another key romantic characteristic is a faith in nature as a creative source, as both a source of comfort and energy. Faust expresses his enthusiasm early when he contrasts the value of experiencing nature with the deadness of books (685). What impresses him about Easter is the revitalizing force of spring rather than the story of Jesus (695-6). It is the exalted spirit of nature that he credits with allowing him to penetrate Gretchens heart, and that he credits with giving him the companion Mephistopheles 747-48 -48). Conclusion Besides a faith in nature, romantics idealize childhood and women, seeing in them a purity and honesty of emotions that are difficult to attain in the intellectual and adult worlds. This romanticism can be seen in Goethe’s plotting, as he has the church bell remind Faust of his childhood so that the character does not commit suicide early in the play. Also, the love affair with Gretchen leads to the drama’s climax. References Faust Supplemented Study Guide: Retrieved from World Wide Web http://faculty. southwest. tn. edu/llipinski/ENGL2320T201/content/lesson18_handout. htm Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust, Publisher, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Astonomy and Cosmology Unit Final Essay - 537 Words

Astronomy and Cosmology have always been an interesting subjects for me since I was little. The two units before this unit were somewhat new to me but weren’t filled with a colossal amount of information. When we arrived at this unit I thought it would be a review of what I had already knew about space, but really it was much more than just planets and stars. My knowledge and view of the universe has drastically changed after learning about various concepts like the Main Sequence, Cosmic Microwave Blackbody Radiation, and red or blue shifts. From this i’ve learned that what is happening here on Earth is nothing compared to what is happening to what is happening in the far reaches of space. There is so much going on in our universe and it†¦show more content†¦Concepts that were new to me included the Main Sequence for stars, the concept of black holes losing mass, redshifts, and the timeline of the Big Bang. I had a basic understanding of black holes and galaxie s but after I learned that there a 2 types of galaxies(spiral and elliptical) and how in the center of a black hole is a singularity where all of the laws of physics break down because everything is so extreme. When learning about the galaxies I found the pictures as well as the descriptions to be very beautiful. Whether it was a spiral galaxy that is colliding with another spiral galaxy or the orange tinted elliptical galaxies, I found it all to be complete eye candy. Even though the images are computer enhanced to make the picture glow, i still find it crazy that there is so much natural beauty that still hasn’t been discovered and can only be seen by telescopes that get a faint image. One question I still have is about the cosmological principle, if there is no center for expansion, but the big bang started at a single point, so doesn’t that mean that the universe has been expanding from that one point this entire time? In conclusion this unit on astronomy and cosmo logy helped me understand that there is so much more to the universe than I had initially thought. There is so much more that goes on and our knowledge will only increase as technology makes our ability to learn more about the depths of our

What Do You Think Would Be More Effective for Shaping...

Ethical concerns are an essential area in business practices, which is applied within organizations to examine ethical principles and ethical dilemmas arisen. In order to form long-term ethical conduct within an organization, usually, a company would organize for ethical business policies, for example, establishing codes of ethics combined with training programs, or/and execute these ethical policies which means â€Å"leadership in delegation, communication and motivation of the company’s ethical position to employees† (Murphy 1988, p.907). The comparison of the effects of these two approaches bring the question of which is more effective for shaping long-term ethical behaviors in an organization. Although codes of ethics are recognized as†¦show more content†¦According to Hegarty and Sims’ 1978 and 1979 studies, it also found that unethical behaviors increased with level of competitiveness and with rewards for such behaviors. For instance, Sanlu, a Chinese dairy corporation, has had a formal, written code of conduct which was implemented to encourage employees and leaders to engage in ethical business practices. Yet, in 2008, it was accused of producing melamine contaminated milk which resulted in more than 12890 infants and children being hospitalized for treatment. Obviously, some firms only take the ethics codes as â€Å"window dressing†, which in pursuit of economic interests and neglect social responsibilities. Hence, it is insufficient for the mere existence of ethics codes to fulfill the c odes’ visions in the long term. In order to uplift the moral climate of the organizations, a formal organization’s code of ethics should be formulated to govern individuals’ behaviors. Hence, according to the drawbacks of ethics codes mentioned above, in this part, four suggestions will be given. In the first place, the simple pronouncement in an ethical code, such as â€Å"bribery is unacceptable†, is ineffectual unless accompanied by guidelines (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). To take Motorola’s code of conduct as an example, it unambiguously and distinctly defines the bribery as the â€Å"funds and assets of Motorola shall not be used, directly orShow MoreRelatedNature of Strategic Management13243 Words   |  53 PagesProfessional Publishing CHAPTER OUTLINE What Is Strategic Management? Key Terms in Strategic Management The Strategic-Management Model Benefits of Strategic Management Why Some Firms Do No Strategic Planning Pitfalls in Strategic Planning Guidelines for Effective Strategic Management Business Ethics and Strategic Management Comparing Business and Military Strategy The Nature of Global Competition CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following: 1. 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